Hepatitis B is a virus that primarily affects the liver. It spreads through blood and bodily fluids, which means transmission can occur during sex without a condom, through shared razors, tattoo equipment, or any situation involving blood contact. For many teens, sexual transmission is the most common route. In Sweden, many young people are vaccinated but not all, so it’s important to be aware.

The infection can develop slowly. Some people get clear symptoms such as nausea, stomach pain, fatigue, dark urine, or yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice). Others have no symptoms at all. Most people recover fully, but a small number develop chronic infection that needs long-term medical follow-up. Testing is done with a simple blood sample.

Using condoms reduces the risk of transmission significantly because it prevents contact with bodily fluids that can carry the virus. Vaccination is also one of the most effective protections available and is recommended if you belong to a risk group or haven’t received the basic vaccine series.

Common signs:

• Nausea or reduced appetite

• Pain under the right ribcage

• Yellow skin or eyes

• Dark urine

• Fatigue or fever-like symptoms

Alma’s tips:

If you’re unsure whether you’re vaccinated, just ask — I can help you check. And remember, using a condom is always a good idea, not just for hepatitis B but for most sexually transmitted infections. You don’t have to manage this alone — I’m here to guide you.