Labour is a natural process where the body works through several distinct phases to help the baby be born. It begins when contractions become regular and the cervix starts to open, and ends when the baby and placenta are delivered. The entire process is guided by hormones working together.

1. The dilation phase – when the cervix opens

This is the longest stage of labour. The uterus contracts in a rhythmic pattern, with contractions becoming longer, stronger, and closer together. The cervix gradually opens from closed to about 10 centimetres. During this phase, you may feel:

• increasing abdominal or back pain

• downward pressure

• a need to move, change position, stand, or rock

Your midwife monitors contractions, your well-being, and how your baby responds.

2. The pushing phase – when the baby is born

When the cervix is fully open, your body often creates a natural urge to push. Contractions become strong and help the baby rotate, descend, and finally be born. The head is born first, followed by the shoulders and body. Your midwife guides your breathing, pacing, and positioning to support the process safely.

3. The third stage – delivering the placenta

After the baby is born, the uterus continues to contract to help the placenta detach and come out. This usually happens within 5–30 minutes. You may feel mild afterpains. Your baby is placed skin-to-skin to support bonding, warmth, and stabilisation.

Hormonal support during labour

Throughout labour, several hormones work together:

• Oxytocin drives contractions

• Endorphins provide natural pain relief

• Adrenaline gives strength during the final stage

• Prostaglandins and relaxin help the tissues soften and stretch

Every part of this system is designed to support a safe and effective birth.